Contoh Peta Minda 5

Machines

Contoh Peta Minda 4

Contoh Peta Minda 3

Contoh Peta Minda 2

Contoh peta minda 1

KELEBIHAN PETA MINDA

Dalam Pembelajaran Menghapuskan rasa sukar untuk belajar. Menambah  keseronokan dalam proses pembelajaran,  mengulangkaji dan mengambil peperiksaan. Memberi keyakinan kepada pelajar terhadap keupayaan  mereka untuk mempelajari apa sahaja matapelajaran. Dalam Mengingat Memudahkan pelajar mengingat fakta  setelah mindanya dipetakan. Menambah keupayaan dan kapasiti ingatan. Dalam Pandangan KeseluruhanDapat melihat keseluruhan bab dengan jelas. Dapat memahami segala fakta yang berkaitan. Berupaya  mengulangkaji pelajaran  dengan pantas. Dalam Berfikir Melatih  minda mencari jalan penyelesaian untuk melaksanakan sebarang kerja secara bersistematik. Dalam Merancang Memudahkan merancang sesuatu tugas dari mula hingga ke akhir hanya dalam sehelai kertas. Dalam Berkomunikasi Dapat menyampaikan segala bentuk maklumat dengan jelas dan tepat.

Rancangan Pelajaran Harian

Rancangan Pengajaran Harian

Langkah / Masa	Isi Pelajaran	Strategi pengajaran & Pembelajaran		Media Pengajaran / Catatan
		Guru	Pelajar
Set Induksi ( 5 Minit )	Asid  dan  Alkali	Guru mengeluarkan sesuatu lalu  menanya murid  tentang  rasa objek itu. Guru bertanya apa  rasa objek itu? Guru memilih secara rawak, beberapa orang murid menjawab soalan: Adakah selamat merasa rasa makanan atau minuman dengan  lidah?	Murid memerhati objek yang guru berikan  . ( ubat gigi, peria dan sebagainya) Murid menjawab soalan guru Murid menjawab soalan guru Pelajar yang dipilih memberikan jawapan	BBM     Key question- apakah rasa objek itu ? Pemerhatian dan persepsi (what)
Langkah 1 ( 5 Minit )	Konsep objek berasid, beralkali,neutral	Guru memberi penerangan tentang kosep objek berasid, beralkali dan neutral.	Murid menjawab soalan guru. Murid membuat tanggapan atau membayangkan sesuatu idea,konsep.	BBM
Langkah 2 ( 15 Minit )	Murid menjalankan eksperimen              ( aktiviti )	Guru membahagikan murid kepada enam kumpulan. Guru memberi arahan dan meminta wakil kumpulan membuat laporan tentang hasil eksperimen. Guru menyediakan alat atau bahan untuk membuat eksperimen. Guru memerhati perbincangan  murid –murid semasa membuat kesimpulan Guru  memimpin perbincangan  dengan murid-murid. Murid-murid membuat kesimpulan.	Murid  membentuk enam kumpulan Wakil daripada setiap kumpulan mengambil bahan eksperimen Wakil kumpulan mengambil alat atau bahan yang disediakan oleh guru. Murid menjalankan eksperimen, memerhati, membuat inferens, membuat keputusan Murid menjawab soalan dan membuat laporan.	Buku  laporan BBM: sos cili, air garam,air gula,ubat gigi,minuman ,ubat, kertas litmus dan lain-lain Analisis dan penjelasan How? And Why?
Penutup ( 5 Minit )	Membuat kesimpulan: Objek berasid, beralkali, neutral	Guru membuat rumusan , apabila kertas litmus bertukar warna i.                     kertas litmus merah tukar kepada   warna biru ii.                   kertas litmus biru               tukar kepada warna merah iii.                  kedua-dua warna kertas            litmus  tidak bertukar warna Guru meminta murid –murid menyiapkan laporan,lembaran aktiviti dan membersihkan tempat yang  menjalankan eksperimen.	Murid-murid  mendengar dan mengulangi  rumusan.

  

Science Experiment (Acids, Alkalis)

Sciences Year 5

Acids-Basa Indicators

Acids and alkalis

Acids Alkalis and Neutralisation

                                                                                                 

A Simple Background to Acids and Alkalis Essential for KS3 Science.                                                                                                                                    

Acids
One important group of chemicals is acids.
Some common acids are – Hydrochloric Acid
                                                 Sulphuric Acid
                                     Nitric Acid
                                     Ethanoic Acid
Acids are always used in the liquid form in the laboratory.
There are many acids present in our everyday lives. Lemon juice contains citric acid, ant and nettle stings contain methanoic acid, tea contains tannic acid and vinegar contains ethanoic acid.
You can easily tell if a substance is an acid or not by its’ effect on litmus, litmus is a purple dye which comes in the form of a solution or as strips of red and blue paper. Blue litmus paper is used for testing acids, if the paper or the solution turn red then the substance is an acid. Red litmus paper cannot be used as neutral solutions would keep the paper red aswell as acidic solutions.
Acids have many properties that distinguish them from other substances.
These are:

1. Acids have a sour taste, e.g. the taste of vinegar ( ethanoic acid)
2. Acids turn litmus solution red and turn blue litmus paper red also
3. Acids have pH numbers less than 7
4. Acids react with metals, forming hydrogen and a salt
5. Acids react with carbonates, forming a salt, water and carbon dioxide
6. Acids react with alkalis, forming a salt and water
7. Acids react with metal oxides, forming salt and water

Remember that:

• The salts of sulphuric acid are known as sulphates
• The salts of hydrochloric acid are known as chlorides
• The salts of nitric acid are known as nitrates

There are different strengths of acids; some strong acids are hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and nitric acid. Some weak acids are ethanoic acid, citric acid and carbonic acid. This is all to do with the number of H+ ions formed in the solution.
Alkalis
Another important group of chemicals are alkalis.
Some common alkalis are – Sodium Hydroxide
                                     Potassium Hydroxide
                                     Calcium Hydroxide
                                     Ammonia
These are usually solid s but are used in aqueous solutions in the laboratory.
Alkalis are present in many cleaning substances in use in our homes today, especially in kitchen cleaners like oven spray, floor cleaners and creams for sinks. Kitchen cleaners are alkaline because they contain ammonia or sodium hydroxide, which attack grease.
You can easily figure out if a substance is alkaline by its’ effect on litmus solution or red litmus paper. Alkalis turn litmus solution blue and red litmus paper blue.
Alkalis have many characteristics, which separate them from other chemicals.
These are:

1. Alkalis feel soapy to touch
2. Alkalis turn litmus solution blue or turn red litmus paper blue
3. Alkali solutions have pH numbers greater than 7
4. All alkalis ( except ammonia) will react with ammonium compounds
5. All alkalis react with acids

There are different strengths of alkalis; this is to do with the formation of OH- ions in the solution. Some strong alkalis are calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. The most recognisable and common weak alkali is ammonia.
The pH of Substances, Universal Indicator and Neutral Solutions
There are many different strengths of acids and alkalis. The strengths of these are judged using the pH scale. The numbers range from 0 – 14.
Click here to see a diagram:
An acidic solution has a pH number less than 7, the lower the number the stronger the acid. An alkaline solution has a pH number greater than 7, the higher the number the stronger the alkali. A neutral solution has a pH number of exactly 7.
You can find the pH of any solution by using universal indicator. Universal Indicator is a mixture of dyes, like litmus it can be used as a solution or as universal indicator paper. It goes a different colour at different pH values. It ranges from red (a strong acid) to a deep violet (a strong alkali). Universal indicator turns neutral solutions green.
Neutral substances are those that are neither acid nor alkali. Some common neutral substances are:
Sodium Chloride (common salt)
Sugar Solution
Neutralisation
An alkali can neutralise  an acid and destroy its’ acidity. In fact an acid can be neutralised by a number of compounds called bases. These are a few examples:
Metal Oxides
            Metal Hydroxides
            Metal Carbonates
            Metal Hydrogen Carbonates
Ammonia Solution
Any compound that can neutralise an acid is called a base. Alkalis are soluble bases. Neutralisation always produces a salt.
Acid + Metal Oxide – Metal Salt + Water
Acid + Metal Hydroxide – Metal Salt + Water
Acid + Metal Carbonate – Metal Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Acid + Metal Hydrogen Carbonate – Metal Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Acid + Ammonia Solution – Ammonium Salt + Water
Applications of Neutralisation
Insect Stings: Bee stings are acidic and can be neutralised with baking soda (bicarbonate of soda). Wasp stings are alkaline and can be treated with vinegar to neutralise.
*Remember – Bee Bycarb
                        Vee Vasp*
Indigestion: Our stomach carries around hydrochloric acid. Too much of this leads to indigestion. Too cure indigestion, you can neutralise the excess acid with baking soda or specialised indigestion tablets.
Soil Treatment: When soils are too acidic (often as a result of acid rain) they can be treated with slaked lime, chalk or quicklime, all alkalis. Plants and crops grow best in neutral soils.
Factory Waste: Liquid waste from factories is often acidic. If it reaches a river it will destroy and kill sea life of many forms. Neutralising the waste with slaked lime can prevent this.

If you have any comments or queries on this subject, please contact me at: sorcha_mccloskey@hotmail.com

 Junior Science Department: Loreto College, Coleraine